Toward abstracting Pdu into trait Event.

Co-authored-by: Jade Ellis <jade@ellis.link>
Signed-off-by: Jason Volk <jason@zemos.net>

src/admin/debug/commands.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ use std::{
 
 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Result, debug_error, err, info,
-	matrix::pdu::{PduEvent, PduId, RawPduId},
+	matrix::{
+		Event,
+		pdu::{PduEvent, PduId, RawPduId},
+	},
 	trace, utils,
 	utils::{
 		stream::{IterStream, ReadyExt},
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use ruma::{
 	CanonicalJsonObject, CanonicalJsonValue, EventId, OwnedEventId, OwnedRoomId,
 	OwnedRoomOrAliasId, OwnedServerName, RoomId, RoomVersionId,
-	api::federation::event::get_room_state,
+	api::federation::event::get_room_state, events::AnyStateEvent, serde::Raw,
 };
 use service::rooms::{
 	short::{ShortEventId, ShortRoomId},
@@ -296,12 +299,12 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu(
 #[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn get_room_state(&self, room: OwnedRoomOrAliasId) -> Result {
 	let room_id = self.services.rooms.alias.resolve(&room).await?;
-	let room_state: Vec<_> = self
+	let room_state: Vec<Raw<AnyStateEvent>> = self
 		.services
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.room_state_full_pdus(&room_id)
-		.map_ok(PduEvent::into_state_event)
+		.map_ok(Event::into_format)
 		.try_collect()
 		.await?;
 

src/admin/user/commands.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, fmt::Write as _};
 
-use api::client::{full_user_deactivate, join_room_by_id_helper, leave_room};
+use api::client::{
+	full_user_deactivate, join_room_by_id_helper, leave_all_rooms, leave_room, update_avatar_url,
+	update_displayname,
+};
 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Result, debug, debug_warn, error, info, is_equal_to,
-	matrix::pdu::PduBuilder,
+	matrix::{Event, pdu::PduBuilder},
 	utils::{self, ReadyExt},
 	warn,
 };
-use conduwuit_api::client::{leave_all_rooms, update_avatar_url, update_displayname};
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt};
 use ruma::{
 	OwnedEventId, OwnedRoomId, OwnedRoomOrAliasId, OwnedUserId, UserId,

src/api/client/context.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Result, at, debug_warn, err,
+	Err, Event, Result, at, debug_warn, err, ref_at,
-	matrix::pdu::PduEvent,
-	ref_at,
 	utils::{
 		IterStream,
 		future::TryExtExt,
@@ -179,12 +177,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		.broad_filter_map(|event_id: &OwnedEventId| {
 			services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(event_id.as_ref()).ok()
 		})
-		.map(PduEvent::into_state_event)
+		.map(Event::into_format)
 		.collect()
 		.await;
 
 	Ok(get_context::v3::Response {
-		event: base_event.map(at!(1)).map(PduEvent::into_room_event),
+		event: base_event.map(at!(1)).map(Event::into_format),
 
 		start: events_before
 			.last()
@@ -203,13 +201,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		events_before: events_before
 			.into_iter()
 			.map(at!(1))
-			.map(PduEvent::into_room_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect(),
 
 		events_after: events_after
 			.into_iter()
 			.map(at!(1))
-			.map(PduEvent::into_room_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect(),
 
 		state,

src/api/client/membership.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use std::{
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Result, at, debug, debug_error, debug_info, debug_warn, err, error, info, is_matching,
+	Err, Event, Result, at, debug, debug_error, debug_info, debug_warn, err, error, info,
+	is_matching,
 	matrix::{
 		StateKey,
 		pdu::{PduBuilder, PduEvent, gen_event_id, gen_event_id_canonical_json},
@@ -880,7 +881,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_member_events_route(
 			.ready_filter(|((ty, _), _)| *ty == StateEventType::RoomMember)
 			.map(at!(1))
 			.ready_filter_map(|pdu| membership_filter(pdu, membership, not_membership))
-			.map(PduEvent::into_member_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect()
 			.await,
 	})

src/api/client/message.rs

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 	let chunk = events
 		.into_iter()
 		.map(at!(1))
-		.map(PduEvent::into_room_event)
+		.map(Event::into_format)
 		.collect();
 
 	Ok(get_message_events::v3::Response {
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ async fn get_member_event(
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.room_state_get(room_id, &StateEventType::RoomMember, user_id.as_str())
-		.map_ok(PduEvent::into_state_event)
+		.map_ok(Event::into_format)
 		.await
 		.ok()
 }

src/api/client/relations.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
 	Result, at,
-	matrix::pdu::PduCount,
+	matrix::{Event, pdu::PduCount},
 	utils::{IterStream, ReadyExt, result::FlatOk, stream::WidebandExt},
 };
 use conduwuit_service::{Services, rooms::timeline::PdusIterItem};
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ async fn paginate_relations_with_filter(
 		chunk: events
 			.into_iter()
 			.map(at!(1))
-			.map(|pdu| pdu.to_message_like_event())
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect(),
 	})
 }

src/api/client/room/event.rs

@@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_event_route(
 
 	event.add_age().ok();
 
-	Ok(get_room_event::v3::Response { event: event.into_room_event() })
+	Ok(get_room_event::v3::Response { event: event.into_format() })
 }

src/api/client/room/initial_sync.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, PduEvent, Result, at,
+	Err, Event, Result, at,
 	utils::{BoolExt, stream::TryTools},
 };
 use futures::TryStreamExt;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn room_initial_sync_route(
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.room_state_full_pdus(room_id)
-		.map_ok(PduEvent::into_state_event)
+		.map_ok(Event::into_format)
 		.try_collect()
 		.await?;
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn room_initial_sync_route(
 		chunk: events
 			.into_iter()
 			.map(at!(1))
-			.map(PduEvent::into_room_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect(),
 	};
 

src/api/client/search.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Result, at, is_true,
-	matrix::pdu::PduEvent,
+	matrix::Event,
 	result::FlatOk,
 	utils::{IterStream, stream::ReadyExt},
 };
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ async fn category_room_events(
 		.map(at!(2))
 		.flatten()
 		.stream()
-		.map(PduEvent::into_room_event)
+		.map(Event::into_format)
 		.map(|result| SearchResult {
 			rank: None,
 			result: Some(result),
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ async fn procure_room_state(services: &Services, room_id: &RoomId) -> Result<Roo
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.room_state_full_pdus(room_id)
-		.map_ok(PduEvent::into_state_event)
+		.map_ok(Event::into_format)
 		.try_collect()
 		.await?;
 

src/api/client/state.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Result, err,
-	matrix::pdu::{PduBuilder, PduEvent},
+	matrix::{Event, pdu::PduBuilder},
 	utils::BoolExt,
 };
 use conduwuit_service::Services;
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 	serde::Raw,
 };
+use serde_json::json;
 
 use crate::{Ruma, RumaResponse};
 
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_route(
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_full_pdus(&body.room_id)
-			.map_ok(PduEvent::into_state_event)
+			.map_ok(Event::into_format)
 			.try_collect()
 			.await?,
 	})
@@ -145,7 +146,18 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_for_key_route(
 
 	Ok(get_state_events_for_key::v3::Response {
 		content: event_format.or(|| event.get_content_as_value()),
-		event: event_format.then(|| event.into_state_event_value()),
+		event: event_format.then(|| {
+			json!({
+				"content": event.content(),
+				"event_id": event.event_id(),
+				"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+				"room_id": event.room_id(),
+				"sender": event.sender(),
+				"state_key": event.state_key(),
+				"type": event.kind(),
+				"unsigned": event.unsigned(),
+			})
+		}),
 	})
 }
 

src/api/client/sync/v3.rs

@@ -473,9 +473,7 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 				prev_batch: Some(next_batch.to_string()),
 				events: Vec::new(),
 			},
-			state: RoomState {
+			state: RoomState { events: vec![event.into_format()] },
-				events: vec![event.into_sync_state_event()],
-			},
 		}));
 	}
 
@@ -559,7 +557,7 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			left_state_events.push(pdu.into_sync_state_event());
+			left_state_events.push(pdu.into_format());
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -755,7 +753,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 		.wide_filter_map(|item| ignored_filter(services, item, sender_user))
 		.map(at!(1))
 		.chain(joined_sender_member.into_iter().stream())
-		.map(|pdu| pdu.to_sync_room_event())
+		.map(Event::into_format)
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
 	let account_data_events = services
@@ -877,10 +875,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 			events: room_events,
 		},
 		state: RoomState {
-			events: state_events
+			events: state_events.into_iter().map(Event::into_format).collect(),
-				.into_iter()
-				.map(PduEvent::into_sync_state_event)
-				.collect(),
 		},
 		ephemeral: Ephemeral { events: edus },
 		unread_thread_notifications: BTreeMap::new(),

src/api/client/sync/v4.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, PduCount, PduEvent, Result, debug, error, extract_variant,
+	Err, Error, Event, PduCount, PduEvent, Result, at, debug, error, extract_variant,
 	matrix::TypeStateKey,
 	utils::{
 		BoolExt, IterStream, ReadyExt, TryFutureExtExt,
@@ -604,7 +604,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 			.iter()
 			.stream()
 			.filter_map(|item| ignored_filter(&services, item.clone(), sender_user))
-			.map(|(_, pdu)| pdu.to_sync_room_event())
+			.map(at!(1))
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect()
 			.await;
 
@@ -626,7 +627,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_get(room_id, &state.0, &state.1)
 					.await
-					.map(PduEvent::into_sync_state_event)
+					.map(PduEvent::into_format)
 					.ok()
 			})
 			.collect()

src/api/client/sync/v5.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,8 @@ use std::{
 
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Result, error, extract_variant, is_equal_to,
+	Err, Error, Result, at, error, extract_variant, is_equal_to,
-	matrix::{
+	matrix::{Event, TypeStateKey, pdu::PduCount},
-		TypeStateKey,
-		pdu::{PduCount, PduEvent},
-	},
 	trace,
 	utils::{
 		BoolExt, FutureBoolExt, IterStream, ReadyExt, TryFutureExtExt,
@@ -515,7 +512,8 @@ where
 			.iter()
 			.stream()
 			.filter_map(|item| ignored_filter(services, item.clone(), sender_user))
-			.map(|(_, pdu)| pdu.to_sync_room_event())
+			.map(at!(1))
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect()
 			.await;
 
@@ -537,7 +535,7 @@ where
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_get(room_id, &state.0, &state.1)
 					.await
-					.map(PduEvent::into_sync_state_event)
+					.map(Event::into_format)
 					.ok()
 			})
 			.collect()

src/api/client/threads.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
 	Result, at,
-	matrix::pdu::{PduCount, PduEvent},
+	matrix::{
+		Event,
+		pdu::{PduCount, PduEvent},
+	},
 };
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use ruma::{api::client::threads::get_threads, uint};
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_threads_route(
 		chunk: threads
 			.into_iter()
 			.map(at!(1))
-			.map(PduEvent::into_room_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect(),
 	})
 }

src/api/server/invite.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose};
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, PduEvent, Result, err, pdu::gen_event_id, utils, utils::hash::sha256, warn,
+	Err, Error, PduEvent, Result, err, matrix::Event, pdu::gen_event_id, utils,
+	utils::hash::sha256, warn,
 };
 use ruma::{
 	CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedUserId, UserId,
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_invite_route(
 	let pdu: PduEvent = serde_json::from_value(event.into())
 		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson("Invalid invite event PDU: {e}"))))?;
 
-	invite_state.push(pdu.to_stripped_state_event());
+	invite_state.push(pdu.to_format());
 
 	// If we are active in the room, the remote server will notify us about the
 	// join/invite through /send. If we are not in the room, we need to manually
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_invite_route(
 					.send_appservice_request(
 						appservice.registration.clone(),
 						ruma::api::appservice::event::push_events::v1::Request {
-							events: vec![pdu.to_room_event()],
+							events: vec![pdu.to_format()],
 							txn_id: general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD
 								.encode(sha256::hash(pdu.event_id.as_bytes()))
 								.into(),

src/core/matrix/event.rs

@@ -1,63 +1,114 @@
-use ruma::{EventId, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, RoomId, UserId, events::TimelineEventType};
+mod content;
-use serde_json::value::RawValue as RawJsonValue;
+mod format;
+mod redact;
+mod type_ext;
+
+use ruma::{
+	EventId, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, OwnedEventId, RoomId, RoomVersionId, UserId,
+	events::TimelineEventType,
+};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::{Value as JsonValue, value::RawValue as RawJsonValue};
+
+pub use self::type_ext::TypeExt;
+use super::state_key::StateKey;
+use crate::Result;
 
 /// Abstraction of a PDU so users can have their own PDU types.
 pub trait Event {
+	/// Serialize into a Ruma JSON format, consuming.
+	#[inline]
+	fn into_format<T>(self) -> T
+	where
+		T: From<format::Owned<Self>>,
+		Self: Sized,
+	{
+		format::Owned(self).into()
+	}
+
+	/// Serialize into a Ruma JSON format
+	#[inline]
+	fn to_format<'a, T>(&'a self) -> T
+	where
+		T: From<format::Ref<'a, Self>>,
+		Self: Sized + 'a,
+	{
+		format::Ref(self).into()
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn get_content_as_value(&self) -> JsonValue
+	where
+		Self: Sized,
+	{
+		content::as_value(self)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn get_content<T>(&self) -> Result<T>
+	where
+		for<'de> T: Deserialize<'de>,
+		Self: Sized,
+	{
+		content::get::<T, _>(self)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn redacts_id(&self, room_version: &RoomVersionId) -> Option<OwnedEventId>
+	where
+		Self: Sized,
+	{
+		redact::redacts_id(self, room_version)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn is_redacted(&self) -> bool
+	where
+		Self: Sized,
+	{
+		redact::is_redacted(self)
+	}
+
+	fn is_owned(&self) -> bool;
+
+	//
+	// Canonical properties
+	//
+
+	/// All the authenticating events for this event.
+	fn auth_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_;
+
+	/// The event's content.
+	fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue;
+
 	/// The `EventId` of this event.
 	fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId;
 
+	/// The time of creation on the originating server.
+	fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch;
+
+	/// The events before this event.
+	fn prev_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_;
+
+	/// If this event is a redaction event this is the event it redacts.
+	fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId>;
+
 	/// The `RoomId` of this event.
 	fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId;
 
 	/// The `UserId` of this event.
 	fn sender(&self) -> &UserId;
 
-	/// The time of creation on the originating server.
-	fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch;
-
-	/// The event type.
-	fn event_type(&self) -> &TimelineEventType;
-
-	/// The event's content.
-	fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue;
-
 	/// The state key for this event.
 	fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str>;
 
-	/// The events before this event.
+	/// The event type.
-	// Requires GATs to avoid boxing (and TAIT for making it convenient).
+	fn kind(&self) -> &TimelineEventType;
-	fn prev_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_;
 
-	/// All the authenticating events for this event.
+	/// Metadata container; peer-trusted only.
-	// Requires GATs to avoid boxing (and TAIT for making it convenient).
+	fn unsigned(&self) -> Option<&RawJsonValue>;
-	fn auth_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_;
 
-	/// If this event is a redaction event this is the event it redacts.
+	//#[deprecated]
-	fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId>;
+	#[inline]
-}
+	fn event_type(&self) -> &TimelineEventType { self.kind() }
-
-impl<T: Event> Event for &T {
-	fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId { (*self).event_id() }
-
-	fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId { (*self).room_id() }
-
-	fn sender(&self) -> &UserId { (*self).sender() }
-
-	fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch { (*self).origin_server_ts() }
-
-	fn event_type(&self) -> &TimelineEventType { (*self).event_type() }
-
-	fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue { (*self).content() }
-
-	fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str> { (*self).state_key() }
-
-	fn prev_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
-		(*self).prev_events()
-	}
-
-	fn auth_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
-		(*self).auth_events()
-	}
-
-	fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId> { (*self).redacts() }
 }

src/core/matrix/event/content.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::value::Value as JsonValue;
+
+use super::Event;
+use crate::{Result, err};
+
+#[inline]
+#[must_use]
+pub(super) fn as_value<E: Event>(event: &E) -> JsonValue {
+	get(event).expect("Failed to represent Event content as JsonValue")
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub(super) fn get<T, E>(event: &E) -> Result<T>
+where
+	T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>,
+	E: Event,
+{
+	serde_json::from_str(event.content().get())
+		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson("Failed to deserialize content into type: {e}"))))
+}

src/core/matrix/event/format.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+use ruma::{
+	events::{
+		AnyMessageLikeEvent, AnyStateEvent, AnyStrippedStateEvent, AnySyncStateEvent,
+		AnySyncTimelineEvent, AnyTimelineEvent, StateEvent, room::member::RoomMemberEventContent,
+		space::child::HierarchySpaceChildEvent,
+	},
+	serde::Raw,
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use super::{Event, redact};
+
+pub struct Owned<E: Event>(pub(super) E);
+
+pub struct Ref<'a, E: Event>(pub(super) &'a E);
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<AnySyncTimelineEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<AnySyncTimelineEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let (redacts, content) = redact::copy(event);
+		let mut json = json!({
+			"content": content,
+			"event_id": event.event_id(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"type": event.event_type(),
+		});
+
+		if let Some(redacts) = redacts {
+			json["redacts"] = json!(redacts);
+		}
+		if let Some(state_key) = event.state_key() {
+			json["state_key"] = json!(state_key);
+		}
+		if let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() {
+			json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
+		}
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<AnyTimelineEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<AnyTimelineEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let (redacts, content) = redact::copy(event);
+		let mut json = json!({
+			"content": content,
+			"event_id": event.event_id(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"room_id": event.room_id(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		if let Some(redacts) = redacts {
+			json["redacts"] = json!(redacts);
+		}
+		if let Some(state_key) = event.state_key() {
+			json["state_key"] = json!(state_key);
+		}
+		if let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() {
+			json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
+		}
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<AnyMessageLikeEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<AnyMessageLikeEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let (redacts, content) = redact::copy(event);
+		let mut json = json!({
+			"content": content,
+			"event_id": event.event_id(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"room_id": event.room_id(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		if let Some(redacts) = &redacts {
+			json["redacts"] = json!(redacts);
+		}
+		if let Some(state_key) = event.state_key() {
+			json["state_key"] = json!(state_key);
+		}
+		if let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() {
+			json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
+		}
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<AnyStateEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<AnyStateEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let mut json = json!({
+			"content": event.content(),
+			"event_id": event.event_id(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"room_id": event.room_id(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"state_key": event.state_key(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		if let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() {
+			json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
+		}
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<AnySyncStateEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<AnySyncStateEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let mut json = json!({
+			"content": event.content(),
+			"event_id": event.event_id(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"state_key": event.state_key(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		if let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() {
+			json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
+		}
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<AnyStrippedStateEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<AnyStrippedStateEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let json = json!({
+			"content": event.content(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"state_key": event.state_key(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<HierarchySpaceChildEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<HierarchySpaceChildEvent> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let json = json!({
+			"content": event.content(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"state_key": event.state_key(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}
+
+impl<E: Event> From<Owned<E>> for Raw<StateEvent<RoomMemberEventContent>> {
+	fn from(event: Owned<E>) -> Self { Ref(&event.0).into() }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: Event> From<Ref<'a, E>> for Raw<StateEvent<RoomMemberEventContent>> {
+	fn from(event: Ref<'a, E>) -> Self {
+		let event = event.0;
+		let mut json = json!({
+			"content": event.content(),
+			"event_id": event.event_id(),
+			"origin_server_ts": event.origin_server_ts(),
+			"redacts": event.redacts(),
+			"room_id": event.room_id(),
+			"sender": event.sender(),
+			"state_key": event.state_key(),
+			"type": event.kind(),
+		});
+
+		if let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() {
+			json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
+		}
+
+		serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
+	}
+}

src/core/matrix/event/redact.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use ruma::{
+	OwnedEventId, RoomVersionId,
+	events::{TimelineEventType, room::redaction::RoomRedactionEventContent},
+};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::value::{RawValue as RawJsonValue, to_raw_value};
+
+use super::Event;
+
+/// Copies the `redacts` property of the event to the `content` dict and
+/// vice-versa.
+///
+/// This follows the specification's
+/// [recommendation](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.10/rooms/v11/#moving-the-redacts-property-of-mroomredaction-events-to-a-content-property):
+///
+/// > For backwards-compatibility with older clients, servers should add a
+/// > redacts property to the top level of m.room.redaction events in when
+/// > serving such events over the Client-Server API.
+///
+/// > For improved compatibility with newer clients, servers should add a
+/// > redacts property to the content of m.room.redaction events in older
+/// > room versions when serving such events over the Client-Server API.
+#[must_use]
+pub(super) fn copy<E: Event>(event: &E) -> (Option<OwnedEventId>, Box<RawJsonValue>) {
+	if *event.event_type() != TimelineEventType::RoomRedaction {
+		return (event.redacts().map(ToOwned::to_owned), event.content().to_owned());
+	}
+
+	let Ok(mut content) = event.get_content::<RoomRedactionEventContent>() else {
+		return (event.redacts().map(ToOwned::to_owned), event.content().to_owned());
+	};
+
+	if let Some(redacts) = content.redacts {
+		return (Some(redacts), event.content().to_owned());
+	}
+
+	if let Some(redacts) = event.redacts().map(ToOwned::to_owned) {
+		content.redacts = Some(redacts);
+		return (
+			event.redacts().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+			to_raw_value(&content).expect("Must be valid, we only added redacts field"),
+		);
+	}
+
+	(event.redacts().map(ToOwned::to_owned), event.content().to_owned())
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+pub(super) fn is_redacted<E: Event>(event: &E) -> bool {
+	let Some(unsigned) = event.unsigned() else {
+		return false;
+	};
+
+	let Ok(unsigned) = ExtractRedactedBecause::deserialize(unsigned) else {
+		return false;
+	};
+
+	unsigned.redacted_because.is_some()
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+pub(super) fn redacts_id<E: Event>(
+	event: &E,
+	room_version: &RoomVersionId,
+) -> Option<OwnedEventId> {
+	use RoomVersionId::*;
+
+	if *event.kind() != TimelineEventType::RoomRedaction {
+		return None;
+	}
+
+	match *room_version {
+		| V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V6 | V7 | V8 | V9 | V10 =>
+			event.redacts().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+		| _ =>
+			event
+				.get_content::<RoomRedactionEventContent>()
+				.ok()?
+				.redacts,
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct ExtractRedactedBecause {
+	redacted_because: Option<serde::de::IgnoredAny>,
+}

src/core/matrix/event/type_ext.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use ruma::events::{StateEventType, TimelineEventType};
+
+use super::StateKey;
+
+/// Convenience trait for adding event type plus state key to state maps.
+pub trait TypeExt {
+	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<StateKey>) -> (StateEventType, StateKey);
+}
+
+impl TypeExt for StateEventType {
+	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<StateKey>) -> (StateEventType, StateKey) {
+		(self, state_key.into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl TypeExt for &StateEventType {
+	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<StateKey>) -> (StateEventType, StateKey) {
+		(self.clone(), state_key.into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl TypeExt for TimelineEventType {
+	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<StateKey>) -> (StateEventType, StateKey) {
+		(self.into(), state_key.into())
+	}
+}
+
+impl TypeExt for &TimelineEventType {
+	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<StateKey>) -> (StateEventType, StateKey) {
+		(self.clone().into(), state_key.into())
+	}
+}

src/core/matrix/mod.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 
 pub mod event;
 pub mod pdu;
+pub mod state_key;
 pub mod state_res;
 
-pub use event::Event;
+pub use event::{Event, TypeExt as EventTypeExt};
-pub use pdu::{PduBuilder, PduCount, PduEvent, PduId, RawPduId, StateKey};
+pub use pdu::{Pdu, PduBuilder, PduCount, PduEvent, PduId, RawPduId, ShortId};
-pub use state_res::{EventTypeExt, RoomVersion, StateMap, TypeStateKey};
+pub use state_key::StateKey;
+pub use state_res::{RoomVersion, StateMap, TypeStateKey};

src/core/matrix/pdu.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ mod id;
 mod raw_id;
 mod redact;
 mod relation;
-mod state_key;
-mod strip;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 mod unsigned;
@@ -27,37 +25,50 @@ pub use self::{
 	builder::{Builder, Builder as PduBuilder},
 	count::Count,
 	event_id::*,
-	id::*,
+	id::{ShortId, *},
 	raw_id::*,
-	state_key::{ShortStateKey, StateKey},
 };
-use super::Event;
+use super::{Event, StateKey};
 use crate::Result;
 
 /// Persistent Data Unit (Event)
 #[derive(Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Debug)]
 pub struct Pdu {
 	pub event_id: OwnedEventId,
+
 	pub room_id: OwnedRoomId,
+
 	pub sender: OwnedUserId,
+
 	#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
 	pub origin: Option<OwnedServerName>,
+
 	pub origin_server_ts: UInt,
+
 	#[serde(rename = "type")]
 	pub kind: TimelineEventType,
+
 	pub content: Box<RawJsonValue>,
+
 	#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
 	pub state_key: Option<StateKey>,
+
 	pub prev_events: Vec<OwnedEventId>,
+
 	pub depth: UInt,
+
 	pub auth_events: Vec<OwnedEventId>,
+
 	#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
 	pub redacts: Option<OwnedEventId>,
+
 	#[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
 	pub unsigned: Option<Box<RawJsonValue>>,
+
 	pub hashes: EventHash,
-	#[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+
 	// BTreeMap<Box<ServerName>, BTreeMap<ServerSigningKeyId, String>>
+	#[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
 	pub signatures: Option<Box<RawJsonValue>>,
 }
 
@@ -79,31 +90,91 @@ impl Pdu {
 }
 
 impl Event for Pdu {
-	fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId { &self.event_id }
+	#[inline]
-
-	fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId { &self.room_id }
-
-	fn sender(&self) -> &UserId { &self.sender }
-
-	fn event_type(&self) -> &TimelineEventType { &self.kind }
-
-	fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue { &self.content }
-
-	fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch {
-		MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(self.origin_server_ts)
-	}
-
-	fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.state_key.as_deref() }
-
-	fn prev_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
-		self.prev_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)
-	}
-
 	fn auth_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
 		self.auth_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)
 	}
 
+	#[inline]
+	fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue { &self.content }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId { &self.event_id }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch {
+		MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(self.origin_server_ts)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn prev_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
+		self.prev_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
 	fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId> { self.redacts.as_deref() }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId { &self.room_id }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn sender(&self) -> &UserId { &self.sender }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.state_key.as_deref() }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn kind(&self) -> &TimelineEventType { &self.kind }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn unsigned(&self) -> Option<&RawJsonValue> { self.unsigned.as_deref() }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn is_owned(&self) -> bool { true }
+}
+
+impl Event for &Pdu {
+	#[inline]
+	fn auth_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
+		self.auth_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue { &self.content }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId { &self.event_id }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch {
+		MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(self.origin_server_ts)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn prev_events(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_ {
+		self.prev_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)
+	}
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId> { self.redacts.as_deref() }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId { &self.room_id }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn sender(&self) -> &UserId { &self.sender }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.state_key.as_deref() }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn kind(&self) -> &TimelineEventType { &self.kind }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn unsigned(&self) -> Option<&RawJsonValue> { self.unsigned.as_deref() }
+
+	#[inline]
+	fn is_owned(&self) -> bool { false }
 }
 
 /// Prevent derived equality which wouldn't limit itself to event_id

src/core/matrix/pdu/id.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::utils::u64_from_u8x8;
 
 pub type ShortRoomId = ShortId;
 pub type ShortEventId = ShortId;
+pub type ShortStateKey = ShortId;
 pub type ShortId = u64;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]

src/core/matrix/pdu/redact.rs

@@ -1,117 +1,29 @@
-use ruma::{
+use ruma::{RoomVersionId, canonical_json::redact_content_in_place};
-	OwnedEventId, RoomVersionId,
+use serde_json::{json, value::to_raw_value};
-	canonical_json::redact_content_in_place,
-	events::{TimelineEventType, room::redaction::RoomRedactionEventContent},
-};
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde_json::{
-	json,
-	value::{RawValue as RawJsonValue, to_raw_value},
-};
 
-use crate::{Error, Result, implement};
+use crate::{Error, Result, err, implement};
-
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
-struct ExtractRedactedBecause {
-	redacted_because: Option<serde::de::IgnoredAny>,
-}
 
 #[implement(super::Pdu)]
 pub fn redact(&mut self, room_version_id: &RoomVersionId, reason: &Self) -> Result {
 	self.unsigned = None;
 
 	let mut content = serde_json::from_str(self.content.get())
-		.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("PDU in db has invalid content."))?;
+		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson("Failed to deserialize content into type: {e}"))))?;
 
 	redact_content_in_place(&mut content, room_version_id, self.kind.to_string())
 		.map_err(|e| Error::Redaction(self.sender.server_name().to_owned(), e))?;
 
-	self.unsigned = Some(
+	let reason = serde_json::to_value(reason).expect("Failed to preserialize reason");
-		to_raw_value(&json!({
-			"redacted_because": serde_json::to_value(reason).expect("to_value(Pdu) always works")
-		}))
-		.expect("to string always works"),
-	);
 
-	self.content = to_raw_value(&content).expect("to string always works");
+	let redacted_because = json!({
+		"redacted_because": reason,
+	});
+
+	self.unsigned = to_raw_value(&redacted_because)
+		.expect("Failed to serialize unsigned")
+		.into();
+
+	self.content = to_raw_value(&content).expect("Failed to serialize content");
 
 	Ok(())
 }
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn is_redacted(&self) -> bool {
-	let Some(unsigned) = &self.unsigned else {
-		return false;
-	};
-
-	let Ok(unsigned) = ExtractRedactedBecause::deserialize(&**unsigned) else {
-		return false;
-	};
-
-	unsigned.redacted_because.is_some()
-}
-
-/// Copies the `redacts` property of the event to the `content` dict and
-/// vice-versa.
-///
-/// This follows the specification's
-/// [recommendation](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.10/rooms/v11/#moving-the-redacts-property-of-mroomredaction-events-to-a-content-property):
-///
-/// > For backwards-compatibility with older clients, servers should add a
-/// > redacts
-/// > property to the top level of m.room.redaction events in when serving
-/// > such events
-/// > over the Client-Server API.
-///
-/// > For improved compatibility with newer clients, servers should add a
-/// > redacts property
-/// > to the content of m.room.redaction events in older room versions when
-/// > serving
-/// > such events over the Client-Server API.
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn copy_redacts(&self) -> (Option<OwnedEventId>, Box<RawJsonValue>) {
-	if self.kind == TimelineEventType::RoomRedaction {
-		if let Ok(mut content) =
-			serde_json::from_str::<RoomRedactionEventContent>(self.content.get())
-		{
-			match content.redacts {
-				| Some(redacts) => {
-					return (Some(redacts), self.content.clone());
-				},
-				| _ => match self.redacts.clone() {
-					| Some(redacts) => {
-						content.redacts = Some(redacts);
-						return (
-							self.redacts.clone(),
-							to_raw_value(&content)
-								.expect("Must be valid, we only added redacts field"),
-						);
-					},
-					| _ => {},
-				},
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	(self.redacts.clone(), self.content.clone())
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn redacts_id(&self, room_version: &RoomVersionId) -> Option<OwnedEventId> {
-	use RoomVersionId::*;
-
-	if self.kind != TimelineEventType::RoomRedaction {
-		return None;
-	}
-
-	match *room_version {
-		| V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V6 | V7 | V8 | V9 | V10 => self.redacts.clone(),
-		| _ =>
-			self.get_content::<RoomRedactionEventContent>()
-				.ok()?
-				.redacts,
-	}
-}

src/core/matrix/pdu/strip.rs

@@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
-use ruma::{
-	events::{
-		AnyMessageLikeEvent, AnyStateEvent, AnyStrippedStateEvent, AnySyncStateEvent,
-		AnySyncTimelineEvent, AnyTimelineEvent, StateEvent, room::member::RoomMemberEventContent,
-		space::child::HierarchySpaceChildEvent,
-	},
-	serde::Raw,
-};
-use serde_json::{json, value::Value as JsonValue};
-
-use crate::implement;
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_room_event(self) -> Raw<AnyTimelineEvent> { self.to_room_event() }
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn to_room_event(&self) -> Raw<AnyTimelineEvent> {
-	let value = self.to_room_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn to_room_event_value(&self) -> JsonValue {
-	let (redacts, content) = self.copy_redacts();
-	let mut json = json!({
-		"content": content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"event_id": self.event_id,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-		"room_id": self.room_id,
-	});
-
-	if let Some(unsigned) = &self.unsigned {
-		json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
-	}
-	if let Some(state_key) = &self.state_key {
-		json["state_key"] = json!(state_key);
-	}
-	if let Some(redacts) = &redacts {
-		json["redacts"] = json!(redacts);
-	}
-
-	json
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_message_like_event(self) -> Raw<AnyMessageLikeEvent> { self.to_message_like_event() }
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn to_message_like_event(&self) -> Raw<AnyMessageLikeEvent> {
-	let value = self.to_message_like_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn to_message_like_event_value(&self) -> JsonValue {
-	let (redacts, content) = self.copy_redacts();
-	let mut json = json!({
-		"content": content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"event_id": self.event_id,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-		"room_id": self.room_id,
-	});
-
-	if let Some(unsigned) = &self.unsigned {
-		json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
-	}
-	if let Some(state_key) = &self.state_key {
-		json["state_key"] = json!(state_key);
-	}
-	if let Some(redacts) = &redacts {
-		json["redacts"] = json!(redacts);
-	}
-
-	json
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_sync_room_event(self) -> Raw<AnySyncTimelineEvent> { self.to_sync_room_event() }
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn to_sync_room_event(&self) -> Raw<AnySyncTimelineEvent> {
-	let value = self.to_sync_room_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn to_sync_room_event_value(&self) -> JsonValue {
-	let (redacts, content) = self.copy_redacts();
-	let mut json = json!({
-		"content": content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"event_id": self.event_id,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-	});
-
-	if let Some(unsigned) = &self.unsigned {
-		json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
-	}
-	if let Some(state_key) = &self.state_key {
-		json["state_key"] = json!(state_key);
-	}
-	if let Some(redacts) = &redacts {
-		json["redacts"] = json!(redacts);
-	}
-
-	json
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn into_state_event(self) -> Raw<AnyStateEvent> {
-	let value = self.into_state_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_state_event_value(self) -> JsonValue {
-	let mut json = json!({
-		"content": self.content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"event_id": self.event_id,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-		"room_id": self.room_id,
-		"state_key": self.state_key,
-	});
-
-	if let Some(unsigned) = self.unsigned {
-		json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
-	}
-
-	json
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn into_sync_state_event(self) -> Raw<AnySyncStateEvent> {
-	let value = self.into_sync_state_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_sync_state_event_value(self) -> JsonValue {
-	let mut json = json!({
-		"content": self.content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"event_id": self.event_id,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-		"state_key": self.state_key,
-	});
-
-	if let Some(unsigned) = &self.unsigned {
-		json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
-	}
-
-	json
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_stripped_state_event(self) -> Raw<AnyStrippedStateEvent> {
-	self.to_stripped_state_event()
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn to_stripped_state_event(&self) -> Raw<AnyStrippedStateEvent> {
-	let value = self.to_stripped_state_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn to_stripped_state_event_value(&self) -> JsonValue {
-	json!({
-		"content": self.content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"state_key": self.state_key,
-	})
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn into_stripped_spacechild_state_event(self) -> Raw<HierarchySpaceChildEvent> {
-	let value = self.into_stripped_spacechild_state_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_stripped_spacechild_state_event_value(self) -> JsonValue {
-	json!({
-		"content": self.content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"state_key": self.state_key,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-	})
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-pub fn into_member_event(self) -> Raw<StateEvent<RoomMemberEventContent>> {
-	let value = self.into_member_event_value();
-	serde_json::from_value(value).expect("Failed to serialize Event value")
-}
-
-#[implement(super::Pdu)]
-#[must_use]
-#[inline]
-pub fn into_member_event_value(self) -> JsonValue {
-	let mut json = json!({
-		"content": self.content,
-		"type": self.kind,
-		"event_id": self.event_id,
-		"sender": self.sender,
-		"origin_server_ts": self.origin_server_ts,
-		"redacts": self.redacts,
-		"room_id": self.room_id,
-		"state_key": self.state_key,
-	});
-
-	if let Some(unsigned) = self.unsigned {
-		json["unsigned"] = json!(unsigned);
-	}
-
-	json
-}

src/core/matrix/state_key.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use smallstr::SmallString;
 
-use super::ShortId;
-
 pub type StateKey = SmallString<[u8; INLINE_SIZE]>;
-pub type ShortStateKey = ShortId;
 
 const INLINE_SIZE: usize = 48;

src/core/matrix/state_res/benches.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use ruma::{
 	EventId, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, OwnedEventId, RoomId, RoomVersionId, Signatures, UserId,
 	events::{
 		StateEventType, TimelineEventType,
-		pdu::{EventHash, Pdu, RoomV3Pdu},
 		room::{
 			join_rules::{JoinRule, RoomJoinRulesEventContent},
 			member::{MembershipState, RoomMemberEventContent},
@@ -26,8 +25,10 @@ use serde_json::{
 	value::{RawValue as RawJsonValue, to_raw_value as to_raw_json_value},
 };
 
-use self::event::PduEvent;
+use crate::{
-use crate::state_res::{self as state_res, Error, Event, Result, StateMap};
+	matrix::{Event, Pdu, pdu::EventHash},
+	state_res::{self as state_res, Error, Result, StateMap},
+};
 
 static SERVER_TIMESTAMP: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ fn resolution_shallow_auth_chain(c: &mut test::Bencher) {
 	c.iter(|| async {
 		let ev_map = store.0.clone();
 		let state_sets = [&state_at_bob, &state_at_charlie];
-		let fetch = |id: OwnedEventId| ready(ev_map.get(&id).clone());
+		let fetch = |id: OwnedEventId| ready(ev_map.get(&id).map(ToOwned::to_owned));
 		let exists = |id: OwnedEventId| ready(ev_map.get(&id).is_some());
 		let auth_chain_sets: Vec<HashSet<_>> = state_sets
 			.iter()
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ fn resolve_deeper_event_set(c: &mut test::Bencher) {
 			})
 			.collect();
 
-		let fetch = |id: OwnedEventId| ready(inner.get(&id).clone());
+		let fetch = |id: OwnedEventId| ready(inner.get(&id).map(ToOwned::to_owned));
 		let exists = |id: OwnedEventId| ready(inner.get(&id).is_some());
 		let _ = match state_res::resolve(
 			&RoomVersionId::V6,
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ impl<E: Event + Clone> TestStore<E> {
 	}
 }
 
-impl TestStore<PduEvent> {
+impl TestStore<Pdu> {
 	#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 	fn set_up(
 		&mut self,
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@ fn to_pdu_event<S>(
 	content: Box<RawJsonValue>,
 	auth_events: &[S],
 	prev_events: &[S],
-) -> PduEvent
+) -> Pdu
 where
 	S: AsRef<str>,
 {
@@ -403,30 +404,28 @@ where
 		.map(event_id)
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-	let state_key = state_key.map(ToOwned::to_owned);
+	Pdu {
-	PduEvent {
 		event_id: id.try_into().unwrap(),
-		rest: Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(RoomV3Pdu {
+		room_id: room_id().to_owned(),
-			room_id: room_id().to_owned(),
+		sender: sender.to_owned(),
-			sender: sender.to_owned(),
+		origin_server_ts: ts.try_into().unwrap(),
-			origin_server_ts: MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(ts.try_into().unwrap()),
+		state_key: state_key.map(Into::into),
-			state_key,
+		kind: ev_type,
-			kind: ev_type,
+		content,
-			content,
+		origin: None,
-			redacts: None,
+		redacts: None,
-			unsigned: btreemap! {},
+		unsigned: None,
-			auth_events,
+		auth_events,
-			prev_events,
+		prev_events,
-			depth: uint!(0),
+		depth: uint!(0),
-			hashes: EventHash::new(String::new()),
+		hashes: EventHash { sha256: String::new() },
-			signatures: Signatures::new(),
+		signatures: None,
-		}),
 	}
 }
 
 // all graphs start with these input events
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-fn INITIAL_EVENTS() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
+fn INITIAL_EVENTS() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, Pdu> {
 	vec![
 		to_pdu_event::<&EventId>(
 			"CREATE",
@@ -508,7 +507,7 @@ fn INITIAL_EVENTS() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
 
 // all graphs start with these input events
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-fn BAN_STATE_SET() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
+fn BAN_STATE_SET() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, Pdu> {
 	vec![
 		to_pdu_event(
 			"PA",
@@ -551,119 +550,3 @@ fn BAN_STATE_SET() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
 	.map(|ev| (ev.event_id().to_owned(), ev))
 	.collect()
 }
-
-/// Convenience trait for adding event type plus state key to state maps.
-trait EventTypeExt {
-	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<String>) -> (StateEventType, String);
-}
-
-impl EventTypeExt for &TimelineEventType {
-	fn with_state_key(self, state_key: impl Into<String>) -> (StateEventType, String) {
-		(self.to_string().into(), state_key.into())
-	}
-}
-
-mod event {
-	use ruma::{
-		EventId, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, OwnedEventId, RoomId, UserId,
-		events::{TimelineEventType, pdu::Pdu},
-	};
-	use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-	use serde_json::value::RawValue as RawJsonValue;
-
-	use super::Event;
-
-	impl Event for PduEvent {
-		fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId { &self.event_id }
-
-		fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.room_id,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.room_id,
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn sender(&self) -> &UserId {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.sender,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.sender,
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn event_type(&self) -> &TimelineEventType {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.kind,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.kind,
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.content,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.content,
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => ev.origin_server_ts,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => ev.origin_server_ts,
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => ev.state_key.as_deref(),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => ev.state_key.as_deref(),
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn prev_events(&self) -> Box<dyn DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) =>
-					Box::new(ev.prev_events.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_ref())),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => Box::new(ev.prev_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)),
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn auth_events(&self) -> Box<dyn DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) =>
-					Box::new(ev.auth_events.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_ref())),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => Box::new(ev.auth_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)),
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => ev.redacts.as_deref(),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => ev.redacts.as_deref(),
-				#[cfg(not(feature = "unstable-exhaustive-types"))]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-	pub(crate) struct PduEvent {
-		pub(crate) event_id: OwnedEventId,
-		#[serde(flatten)]
-		pub(crate) rest: Pdu,
-	}
-}

src/core/matrix/state_res/event_auth.rs

@@ -136,17 +136,17 @@ pub fn auth_types_for_event(
 		event_id = incoming_event.event_id().as_str(),
 	)
 )]
-pub async fn auth_check<F, Fut, Fetched, Incoming>(
+pub async fn auth_check<E, F, Fut>(
 	room_version: &RoomVersion,
-	incoming_event: &Incoming,
+	incoming_event: &E,
-	current_third_party_invite: Option<&Incoming>,
+	current_third_party_invite: Option<&E>,
 	fetch_state: F,
 ) -> Result<bool, Error>
 where
 	F: Fn(&StateEventType, &str) -> Fut + Send,
-	Fut: Future<Output = Option<Fetched>> + Send,
+	Fut: Future<Output = Option<E>> + Send,
-	Fetched: Event + Send,
+	E: Event + Send + Sync,
-	Incoming: Event + Send + Sync,
+	for<'a> &'a E: Event + Send,
 {
 	debug!(
 		event_id = format!("{}", incoming_event.event_id()),
@@ -514,20 +514,24 @@ where
 /// event and the current State.
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
-fn valid_membership_change(
+fn valid_membership_change<E>(
 	room_version: &RoomVersion,
 	target_user: &UserId,
-	target_user_membership_event: Option<&impl Event>,
+	target_user_membership_event: Option<&E>,
 	sender: &UserId,
-	sender_membership_event: Option<&impl Event>,
+	sender_membership_event: Option<&E>,
-	current_event: impl Event,
+	current_event: &E,
-	current_third_party_invite: Option<&impl Event>,
+	current_third_party_invite: Option<&E>,
-	power_levels_event: Option<&impl Event>,
+	power_levels_event: Option<&E>,
-	join_rules_event: Option<&impl Event>,
+	join_rules_event: Option<&E>,
 	user_for_join_auth: Option<&UserId>,
 	user_for_join_auth_membership: &MembershipState,
-	create_room: &impl Event,
+	create_room: &E,
-) -> Result<bool> {
+) -> Result<bool>
+where
+	E: Event + Send + Sync,
+	for<'a> &'a E: Event + Send,
+{
 	#[derive(Deserialize)]
 	struct GetThirdPartyInvite {
 		third_party_invite: Option<Raw<ThirdPartyInvite>>,
@@ -820,7 +824,7 @@ fn valid_membership_change(
 ///
 /// Does the event have the correct userId as its state_key if it's not the ""
 /// state_key.
-fn can_send_event(event: impl Event, ple: Option<impl Event>, user_level: Int) -> bool {
+fn can_send_event(event: &impl Event, ple: Option<&impl Event>, user_level: Int) -> bool {
 	let event_type_power_level = get_send_level(event.event_type(), event.state_key(), ple);
 
 	debug!(
@@ -846,8 +850,8 @@ fn can_send_event(event: impl Event, ple: Option<impl Event>, user_level: Int) -
 /// Confirm that the event sender has the required power levels.
 fn check_power_levels(
 	room_version: &RoomVersion,
-	power_event: impl Event,
+	power_event: &impl Event,
-	previous_power_event: Option<impl Event>,
+	previous_power_event: Option<&impl Event>,
 	user_level: Int,
 ) -> Option<bool> {
 	match power_event.state_key() {
@@ -1010,7 +1014,7 @@ fn get_deserialize_levels(
 /// given event.
 fn check_redaction(
 	_room_version: &RoomVersion,
-	redaction_event: impl Event,
+	redaction_event: &impl Event,
 	user_level: Int,
 	redact_level: Int,
 ) -> Result<bool> {
@@ -1039,7 +1043,7 @@ fn check_redaction(
 fn get_send_level(
 	e_type: &TimelineEventType,
 	state_key: Option<&str>,
-	power_lvl: Option<impl Event>,
+	power_lvl: Option<&impl Event>,
 ) -> Int {
 	power_lvl
 		.and_then(|ple| {
@@ -1062,7 +1066,7 @@ fn verify_third_party_invite(
 	target_user: Option<&UserId>,
 	sender: &UserId,
 	tp_id: &ThirdPartyInvite,
-	current_third_party_invite: Option<impl Event>,
+	current_third_party_invite: Option<&impl Event>,
 ) -> bool {
 	// 1. Check for user being banned happens before this is called
 	// checking for mxid and token keys is done by ruma when deserializing
@@ -1128,12 +1132,15 @@ mod tests {
 	};
 	use serde_json::value::to_raw_value as to_raw_json_value;
 
-	use crate::state_res::{
+	use crate::{
-		Event, EventTypeExt, RoomVersion, StateMap,
+		matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, Pdu as PduEvent},
-		event_auth::valid_membership_change,
+		state_res::{
-		test_utils::{
+			RoomVersion, StateMap,
-			INITIAL_EVENTS, INITIAL_EVENTS_CREATE_ROOM, PduEvent, alice, charlie, ella, event_id,
+			event_auth::valid_membership_change,
-			member_content_ban, member_content_join, room_id, to_pdu_event,
+			test_utils::{
+				INITIAL_EVENTS, INITIAL_EVENTS_CREATE_ROOM, alice, charlie, ella, event_id,
+				member_content_ban, member_content_join, room_id, to_pdu_event,
+			},
 		},
 	};
 

src/core/matrix/state_res/mod.rs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub use self::{
 };
 use crate::{
 	debug, debug_error,
-	matrix::{event::Event, pdu::StateKey},
+	matrix::{Event, StateKey},
 	trace,
 	utils::stream::{BroadbandExt, IterStream, ReadyExt, TryBroadbandExt, WidebandExt},
 	warn,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ where
 	SetIter: Iterator<Item = &'a StateMap<OwnedEventId>> + Clone + Send,
 	Hasher: BuildHasher + Send + Sync,
 	E: Event + Clone + Send + Sync,
-	for<'b> &'b E: Send,
+	for<'b> &'b E: Event + Send,
 {
 	debug!("State resolution starting");
 
@@ -522,6 +522,7 @@ where
 	Fut: Future<Output = Option<E>> + Send,
 	S: Stream<Item = &'a EventId> + Send + 'a,
 	E: Event + Clone + Send + Sync,
+	for<'b> &'b E: Event + Send,
 {
 	debug!("starting iterative auth check");
 
@@ -552,7 +553,7 @@ where
 
 	let auth_events = &auth_events;
 	let mut resolved_state = unconflicted_state;
-	for event in &events_to_check {
+	for event in events_to_check {
 		let state_key = event
 			.state_key()
 			.ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidPdu("State event had no state key".to_owned()))?;
@@ -607,11 +608,15 @@ where
 		});
 
 		let fetch_state = |ty: &StateEventType, key: &str| {
-			future::ready(auth_state.get(&ty.with_state_key(key)))
+			future::ready(
+				auth_state
+					.get(&ty.with_state_key(key))
+					.map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+			)
 		};
 
 		let auth_result =
-			auth_check(room_version, &event, current_third_party.as_ref(), fetch_state).await;
+			auth_check(room_version, &event, current_third_party, fetch_state).await;
 
 		match auth_result {
 			| Ok(true) => {
@@ -794,11 +799,11 @@ where
 	}
 }
 
-fn is_type_and_key(ev: impl Event, ev_type: &TimelineEventType, state_key: &str) -> bool {
+fn is_type_and_key(ev: &impl Event, ev_type: &TimelineEventType, state_key: &str) -> bool {
 	ev.event_type() == ev_type && ev.state_key() == Some(state_key)
 }
 
-fn is_power_event(event: impl Event) -> bool {
+fn is_power_event(event: &impl Event) -> bool {
 	match event.event_type() {
 		| TimelineEventType::RoomPowerLevels
 		| TimelineEventType::RoomJoinRules
@@ -859,15 +864,19 @@ mod tests {
 	use serde_json::{json, value::to_raw_value as to_raw_json_value};
 
 	use super::{
-		Event, EventTypeExt, StateMap, is_power_event,
+		StateMap, is_power_event,
 		room_version::RoomVersion,
 		test_utils::{
-			INITIAL_EVENTS, PduEvent, TestStore, alice, bob, charlie, do_check, ella, event_id,
+			INITIAL_EVENTS, TestStore, alice, bob, charlie, do_check, ella, event_id,
 			member_content_ban, member_content_join, room_id, to_init_pdu_event, to_pdu_event,
 			zara,
 		},
 	};
-	use crate::{debug, utils::stream::IterStream};
+	use crate::{
+		debug,
+		matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, Pdu as PduEvent},
+		utils::stream::IterStream,
+	};
 
 	async fn test_event_sort() {
 		use futures::future::ready;

src/core/matrix/state_res/test_utils.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use ruma::{
 	UserId, event_id,
 	events::{
 		TimelineEventType,
-		pdu::{EventHash, Pdu, RoomV3Pdu},
 		room::{
 			join_rules::{JoinRule, RoomJoinRulesEventContent},
 			member::{MembershipState, RoomMemberEventContent},
@@ -23,17 +22,16 @@ use serde_json::{
 	value::{RawValue as RawJsonValue, to_raw_value as to_raw_json_value},
 };
 
-pub(crate) use self::event::PduEvent;
 use super::auth_types_for_event;
 use crate::{
 	Result, info,
-	matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, StateMap},
+	matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, Pdu, StateMap, pdu::EventHash},
 };
 
 static SERVER_TIMESTAMP: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
 
 pub(crate) async fn do_check(
-	events: &[PduEvent],
+	events: &[Pdu],
 	edges: Vec<Vec<OwnedEventId>>,
 	expected_state_ids: Vec<OwnedEventId>,
 ) {
@@ -81,8 +79,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn do_check(
 		}
 	}
 
-	// event_id -> PduEvent
+	// event_id -> Pdu
-	let mut event_map: HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> = HashMap::new();
+	let mut event_map: HashMap<OwnedEventId, Pdu> = HashMap::new();
 	// event_id -> StateMap<OwnedEventId>
 	let mut state_at_event: HashMap<OwnedEventId, StateMap<OwnedEventId>> = HashMap::new();
 
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ impl<E: Event + Clone> TestStore<E> {
 
 // A StateStore implementation for testing
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-impl TestStore<PduEvent> {
+impl TestStore<Pdu> {
 	pub(crate) fn set_up(
 		&mut self,
 	) -> (StateMap<OwnedEventId>, StateMap<OwnedEventId>, StateMap<OwnedEventId>) {
@@ -390,7 +388,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_init_pdu_event(
 	ev_type: TimelineEventType,
 	state_key: Option<&str>,
 	content: Box<RawJsonValue>,
-) -> PduEvent {
+) -> Pdu {
 	let ts = SERVER_TIMESTAMP.fetch_add(1, SeqCst);
 	let id = if id.contains('$') {
 		id.to_owned()
@@ -398,24 +396,22 @@ pub(crate) fn to_init_pdu_event(
 		format!("${id}:foo")
 	};
 
-	let state_key = state_key.map(ToOwned::to_owned);
+	Pdu {
-	PduEvent {
 		event_id: id.try_into().unwrap(),
-		rest: Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(RoomV3Pdu {
+		room_id: room_id().to_owned(),
-			room_id: room_id().to_owned(),
+		sender: sender.to_owned(),
-			sender: sender.to_owned(),
+		origin_server_ts: ts.try_into().unwrap(),
-			origin_server_ts: MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(ts.try_into().unwrap()),
+		state_key: state_key.map(Into::into),
-			state_key,
+		kind: ev_type,
-			kind: ev_type,
+		content,
-			content,
+		origin: None,
-			redacts: None,
+		redacts: None,
-			unsigned: BTreeMap::new(),
+		unsigned: None,
-			auth_events: vec![],
+		auth_events: vec![],
-			prev_events: vec![],
+		prev_events: vec![],
-			depth: uint!(0),
+		depth: uint!(0),
-			hashes: EventHash::new("".to_owned()),
+		hashes: EventHash { sha256: "".to_owned() },
-			signatures: ServerSignatures::default(),
+		signatures: None,
-		}),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -427,7 +423,7 @@ pub(crate) fn to_pdu_event<S>(
 	content: Box<RawJsonValue>,
 	auth_events: &[S],
 	prev_events: &[S],
-) -> PduEvent
+) -> Pdu
 where
 	S: AsRef<str>,
 {
@@ -448,30 +444,28 @@ where
 		.map(event_id)
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-	let state_key = state_key.map(ToOwned::to_owned);
+	Pdu {
-	PduEvent {
 		event_id: id.try_into().unwrap(),
-		rest: Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(RoomV3Pdu {
+		room_id: room_id().to_owned(),
-			room_id: room_id().to_owned(),
+		sender: sender.to_owned(),
-			sender: sender.to_owned(),
+		origin_server_ts: ts.try_into().unwrap(),
-			origin_server_ts: MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(ts.try_into().unwrap()),
+		state_key: state_key.map(Into::into),
-			state_key,
+		kind: ev_type,
-			kind: ev_type,
+		content,
-			content,
+		origin: None,
-			redacts: None,
+		redacts: None,
-			unsigned: BTreeMap::new(),
+		unsigned: None,
-			auth_events,
+		auth_events,
-			prev_events,
+		prev_events,
-			depth: uint!(0),
+		depth: uint!(0),
-			hashes: EventHash::new("".to_owned()),
+		hashes: EventHash { sha256: "".to_owned() },
-			signatures: ServerSignatures::default(),
+		signatures: None,
-		}),
 	}
 }
 
 // all graphs start with these input events
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-pub(crate) fn INITIAL_EVENTS() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
+pub(crate) fn INITIAL_EVENTS() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, Pdu> {
 	vec![
 		to_pdu_event::<&EventId>(
 			"CREATE",
@@ -553,7 +547,7 @@ pub(crate) fn INITIAL_EVENTS() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
 
 // all graphs start with these input events
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-pub(crate) fn INITIAL_EVENTS_CREATE_ROOM() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, PduEvent> {
+pub(crate) fn INITIAL_EVENTS_CREATE_ROOM() -> HashMap<OwnedEventId, Pdu> {
 	vec![to_pdu_event::<&EventId>(
 		"CREATE",
 		alice(),
@@ -575,111 +569,3 @@ pub(crate) fn INITIAL_EDGES() -> Vec<OwnedEventId> {
 		.map(event_id)
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
-
-pub(crate) mod event {
-	use ruma::{
-		EventId, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, OwnedEventId, RoomId, UserId,
-		events::{TimelineEventType, pdu::Pdu},
-	};
-	use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-	use serde_json::value::RawValue as RawJsonValue;
-
-	use crate::Event;
-
-	impl Event for PduEvent {
-		fn event_id(&self) -> &EventId { &self.event_id }
-
-		fn room_id(&self) -> &RoomId {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.room_id,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.room_id,
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn sender(&self) -> &UserId {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.sender,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.sender,
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn event_type(&self) -> &TimelineEventType {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.kind,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.kind,
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn content(&self) -> &RawJsonValue {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => &ev.content,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => &ev.content,
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn origin_server_ts(&self) -> MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => ev.origin_server_ts,
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => ev.origin_server_ts,
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn state_key(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => ev.state_key.as_deref(),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => ev.state_key.as_deref(),
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		#[allow(refining_impl_trait)]
-		fn prev_events(&self) -> Box<dyn DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) =>
-					Box::new(ev.prev_events.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_ref())),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => Box::new(ev.prev_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)),
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		#[allow(refining_impl_trait)]
-		fn auth_events(&self) -> Box<dyn DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &EventId> + Send + '_> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) =>
-					Box::new(ev.auth_events.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_ref())),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => Box::new(ev.auth_events.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)),
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-
-		fn redacts(&self) -> Option<&EventId> {
-			match &self.rest {
-				| Pdu::RoomV1Pdu(ev) => ev.redacts.as_deref(),
-				| Pdu::RoomV3Pdu(ev) => ev.redacts.as_deref(),
-				#[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-				| _ => unreachable!("new PDU version"),
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-	#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs)]
-	pub(crate) struct PduEvent {
-		pub(crate) event_id: OwnedEventId,
-		#[serde(flatten)]
-		pub(crate) rest: Pdu,
-	}
-}

src/core/mod.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ pub use info::{
 	rustc_flags_capture, version,
 	version::{name, version},
 };
-pub use matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, PduCount, PduEvent, PduId, RoomVersion, pdu, state_res};
+pub use matrix::{
+	Event, EventTypeExt, Pdu, PduCount, PduEvent, PduId, RoomVersion, pdu, state_res,
+};
 pub use server::Server;
 pub use utils::{ctor, dtor, implement, result, result::Result};
 

src/service/admin/mod.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	Error, PduEvent, Result, Server, debug, err, error, error::default_log, pdu::PduBuilder,
+	Error, Event, Result, Server, debug, err, error, error::default_log, pdu::PduBuilder,
 };
 pub use create::create_admin_room;
 use futures::{Future, FutureExt, TryFutureExt};
@@ -361,7 +361,10 @@ impl Service {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
-	pub async fn is_admin_command(&self, pdu: &PduEvent, body: &str) -> bool {
+	pub async fn is_admin_command<E>(&self, event: &E, body: &str) -> bool
+	where
+		E: Event + Send + Sync,
+	{
 		// Server-side command-escape with public echo
 		let is_escape = body.starts_with('\\');
 		let is_public_escape = is_escape && body.trim_start_matches('\\').starts_with("!admin");
@@ -376,8 +379,10 @@ impl Service {
 			return false;
 		}
 
+		let user_is_local = self.services.globals.user_is_local(event.sender());
+
 		// only allow public escaped commands by local admins
-		if is_public_escape && !self.services.globals.user_is_local(&pdu.sender) {
+		if is_public_escape && !user_is_local {
 			return false;
 		}
 
@@ -387,20 +392,20 @@ impl Service {
 		}
 
 		// Prevent unescaped !admin from being used outside of the admin room
-		if is_public_prefix && !self.is_admin_room(&pdu.room_id).await {
+		if is_public_prefix && !self.is_admin_room(event.room_id()).await {
 			return false;
 		}
 
 		// Only senders who are admin can proceed
-		if !self.user_is_admin(&pdu.sender).await {
+		if !self.user_is_admin(event.sender()).await {
 			return false;
 		}
 
 		// This will evaluate to false if the emergency password is set up so that
 		// the administrator can execute commands as the server user
 		let emergency_password_set = self.services.server.config.emergency_password.is_some();
-		let from_server = pdu.sender == *server_user && !emergency_password_set;
+		let from_server = event.sender() == server_user && !emergency_password_set;
-		if from_server && self.is_admin_room(&pdu.room_id).await {
+		if from_server && self.is_admin_room(event.room_id()).await {
 			return false;
 		}
 

src/service/pusher/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::{fmt::Debug, mem, sync::Arc};
 
 use bytes::BytesMut;
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	Err, PduEvent, Result, debug_warn, err, trace,
+	Err, Event, Result, debug_warn, err, trace,
 	utils::{stream::TryIgnore, string_from_bytes},
 	warn,
 };
-use database::{Deserialized, Ignore, Interfix, Json, Map};
+use conduwuit_database::{Deserialized, Ignore, Interfix, Json, Map};
 use futures::{Stream, StreamExt};
 use ipaddress::IPAddress;
 use ruma::{
@@ -272,22 +272,26 @@ impl Service {
 		}
 	}
 
-	#[tracing::instrument(skip(self, user, unread, pusher, ruleset, pdu))]
+	#[tracing::instrument(skip(self, user, unread, pusher, ruleset, event))]
-	pub async fn send_push_notice(
+	pub async fn send_push_notice<E>(
 		&self,
 		user: &UserId,
 		unread: UInt,
 		pusher: &Pusher,
 		ruleset: Ruleset,
-		pdu: &PduEvent,
+		event: &E,
-	) -> Result<()> {
+	) -> Result
+	where
+		E: Event + Send + Sync,
+		for<'a> &'a E: Event + Send,
+	{
 		let mut notify = None;
 		let mut tweaks = Vec::new();
 
 		let power_levels: RoomPowerLevelsEventContent = self
 			.services
 			.state_accessor
-			.room_state_get(&pdu.room_id, &StateEventType::RoomPowerLevels, "")
+			.room_state_get(event.room_id(), &StateEventType::RoomPowerLevels, "")
 			.await
 			.and_then(|ev| {
 				serde_json::from_str(ev.content.get()).map_err(|e| {
@@ -296,8 +300,9 @@ impl Service {
 			})
 			.unwrap_or_default();
 
+		let serialized = event.to_format();
 		for action in self
-			.get_actions(user, &ruleset, &power_levels, &pdu.to_sync_room_event(), &pdu.room_id)
+			.get_actions(user, &ruleset, &power_levels, &serialized, event.room_id())
 			.await
 		{
 			let n = match action {
@@ -319,7 +324,7 @@ impl Service {
 		}
 
 		if notify == Some(true) {
-			self.send_notice(unread, pusher, tweaks, pdu).await?;
+			self.send_notice(unread, pusher, tweaks, event).await?;
 		}
 		// Else the event triggered no actions
 
@@ -369,13 +374,16 @@ impl Service {
 	}
 
 	#[tracing::instrument(skip(self, unread, pusher, tweaks, event))]
-	async fn send_notice(
+	async fn send_notice<E>(
 		&self,
 		unread: UInt,
 		pusher: &Pusher,
 		tweaks: Vec<Tweak>,
-		event: &PduEvent,
+		event: &E,
-	) -> Result {
+	) -> Result
+	where
+		E: Event + Send + Sync,
+	{
 		// TODO: email
 		match &pusher.kind {
 			| PusherKind::Http(http) => {
@@ -421,8 +429,8 @@ impl Service {
 				let d = vec![device];
 				let mut notifi = Notification::new(d);
 
-				notifi.event_id = Some((*event.event_id).to_owned());
+				notifi.event_id = Some(event.event_id().to_owned());
-				notifi.room_id = Some((*event.room_id).to_owned());
+				notifi.room_id = Some(event.room_id().to_owned());
 				if http
 					.data
 					.get("org.matrix.msc4076.disable_badge_count")
@@ -442,7 +450,7 @@ impl Service {
 					)
 					.await?;
 				} else {
-					if event.kind == TimelineEventType::RoomEncrypted
+					if *event.kind() == TimelineEventType::RoomEncrypted
 						|| tweaks
 							.iter()
 							.any(|t| matches!(t, Tweak::Highlight(true) | Tweak::Sound(_)))
@@ -451,29 +459,29 @@ impl Service {
 					} else {
 						notifi.prio = NotificationPriority::Low;
 					}
-					notifi.sender = Some(event.sender.clone());
+					notifi.sender = Some(event.sender().to_owned());
-					notifi.event_type = Some(event.kind.clone());
+					notifi.event_type = Some(event.kind().to_owned());
-					notifi.content = serde_json::value::to_raw_value(&event.content).ok();
+					notifi.content = serde_json::value::to_raw_value(event.content()).ok();
 
-					if event.kind == TimelineEventType::RoomMember {
+					if *event.kind() == TimelineEventType::RoomMember {
 						notifi.user_is_target =
-							event.state_key.as_deref() == Some(event.sender.as_str());
+							event.state_key() == Some(event.sender().as_str());
 					}
 
 					notifi.sender_display_name =
-						self.services.users.displayname(&event.sender).await.ok();
+						self.services.users.displayname(event.sender()).await.ok();
 
 					notifi.room_name = self
 						.services
 						.state_accessor
-						.get_name(&event.room_id)
+						.get_name(event.room_id())
 						.await
 						.ok();
 
 					notifi.room_alias = self
 						.services
 						.state_accessor
-						.get_canonical_alias(&event.room_id)
+						.get_canonical_alias(event.room_id())
 						.await
 						.ok();
 

src/service/rooms/event_handler/handle_outlier_pdu.rs

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_outlier_pdu<'a>(
 
 	let state_fetch = |ty: &StateEventType, sk: &str| {
 		let key = (ty.to_owned(), sk.into());
-		ready(auth_events.get(&key))
+		ready(auth_events.get(&key).map(ToOwned::to_owned))
 	};
 
 	let auth_check = state_res::event_auth::auth_check(

src/service/rooms/event_handler/upgrade_outlier_pdu.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::{borrow::Borrow, collections::BTreeMap, iter::once, sync::Arc, time::In
 
 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Result, debug, debug_info, err, implement,
-	matrix::{EventTypeExt, PduEvent, StateKey, state_res},
+	matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, PduEvent, StateKey, state_res},
 	trace,
 	utils::stream::{BroadbandExt, ReadyExt},
 	warn,
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub(super) async fn upgrade_outlier_to_timeline_pdu(
 
 	let state_fetch = |k: &StateEventType, s: &str| {
 		let key = k.with_state_key(s);
-		ready(auth_events.get(&key).cloned())
+		ready(auth_events.get(&key).map(ToOwned::to_owned))
 	};
 
 	let auth_check = state_res::event_auth::auth_check(

src/service/rooms/search/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	PduCount, PduEvent, Result,
+	Event, PduCount, PduEvent, Result,
 	arrayvec::ArrayVec,
 	implement,
 	utils::{

src/service/rooms/spaces/mod.rs

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ mod tests;
 use std::{fmt::Write, sync::Arc};
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	Err, Error, PduEvent, Result, implement,
+	Err, Error, Event, PduEvent, Result, implement,
 	utils::{
 		IterStream,
 		future::{BoolExt, TryExtExt},
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ pub async fn get_summary_and_children_local(
 
 	let children_pdus: Vec<_> = self
 		.get_space_child_events(current_room)
-		.map(PduEvent::into_stripped_spacechild_state_event)
+		.map(Event::into_format)
 		.collect()
 		.await;
 
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ async fn cache_insert(
 		room_id: room_id.clone(),
 		children_state: self
 			.get_space_child_events(&room_id)
-			.map(PduEvent::into_stripped_spacechild_state_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
 			.collect()
 			.await,
 		encryption,

src/service/rooms/state/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Write, iter::once, sync::Arc};
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	PduEvent, Result, err,
+	Event, PduEvent, Result, err,
 	result::FlatOk,
 	state_res::{self, StateMap},
 	utils::{
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use conduwuit::{
 	},
 	warn,
 };
-use database::{Deserialized, Ignore, Interfix, Map};
+use conduwuit_database::{Deserialized, Ignore, Interfix, Map};
 use futures::{
 	FutureExt, Stream, StreamExt, TryFutureExt, TryStreamExt, future::join_all, pin_mut,
 };
@@ -319,30 +319,34 @@ impl Service {
 	}
 
 	#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, level = "debug")]
-	pub async fn summary_stripped(&self, event: &PduEvent) -> Vec<Raw<AnyStrippedStateEvent>> {
+	pub async fn summary_stripped<'a, E>(&self, event: &'a E) -> Vec<Raw<AnyStrippedStateEvent>>
+	where
+		E: Event + Send + Sync,
+		&'a E: Event + Send,
+	{
 		let cells = [
 			(&StateEventType::RoomCreate, ""),
 			(&StateEventType::RoomJoinRules, ""),
 			(&StateEventType::RoomCanonicalAlias, ""),
 			(&StateEventType::RoomName, ""),
 			(&StateEventType::RoomAvatar, ""),
-			(&StateEventType::RoomMember, event.sender.as_str()), // Add recommended events
+			(&StateEventType::RoomMember, event.sender().as_str()), // Add recommended events
 			(&StateEventType::RoomEncryption, ""),
 			(&StateEventType::RoomTopic, ""),
 		];
 
-		let fetches = cells.iter().map(|(event_type, state_key)| {
+		let fetches = cells.into_iter().map(|(event_type, state_key)| {
 			self.services
 				.state_accessor
-				.room_state_get(&event.room_id, event_type, state_key)
+				.room_state_get(event.room_id(), event_type, state_key)
 		});
 
 		join_all(fetches)
 			.await
 			.into_iter()
 			.filter_map(Result::ok)
-			.map(PduEvent::into_stripped_state_event)
+			.map(Event::into_format)
-			.chain(once(event.to_stripped_state_event()))
+			.chain(once(event.to_format()))
 			.collect()
 	}
 

src/service/rooms/threads/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc};
 
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	Result, err,
+	Event, Result, err,
 	matrix::pdu::{PduCount, PduEvent, PduId, RawPduId},
 	utils::{
 		ReadyExt,
@@ -49,7 +49,11 @@ impl crate::Service for Service {
 }
 
 impl Service {
-	pub async fn add_to_thread(&self, root_event_id: &EventId, pdu: &PduEvent) -> Result<()> {
+	pub async fn add_to_thread<'a, E>(&self, root_event_id: &EventId, event: &'a E) -> Result
+	where
+		E: Event + Send + Sync,
+		&'a E: Event + Send,
+	{
 		let root_id = self
 			.services
 			.timeline
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ impl Service {
 				}) {
 				// Thread already existed
 				relations.count = relations.count.saturating_add(uint!(1));
-				relations.latest_event = pdu.to_message_like_event();
+				relations.latest_event = event.to_format();
 
 				let content = serde_json::to_value(relations).expect("to_value always works");
 
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ impl Service {
 			} else {
 				// New thread
 				let relations = BundledThread {
-					latest_event: pdu.to_message_like_event(),
+					latest_event: event.to_format(),
 					count: uint!(1),
 					current_user_participated: true,
 				};
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ impl Service {
 				users.push(root_pdu.sender);
 			},
 		}
-		users.push(pdu.sender.clone());
+		users.push(event.sender().to_owned());
 
 		self.update_participants(&root_id, &users)
 	}

src/service/rooms/timeline/mod.rs

@@ -375,8 +375,6 @@ impl Service {
 			.await
 			.unwrap_or_default();
 
-		let sync_pdu = pdu.to_sync_room_event();
-
 		let mut push_target: HashSet<_> = self
 			.services
 			.state_cache
@@ -401,6 +399,7 @@ impl Service {
 			}
 		}
 
+		let serialized = pdu.to_format();
 		for user in &push_target {
 			let rules_for_user = self
 				.services
@@ -418,7 +417,7 @@ impl Service {
 			for action in self
 				.services
 				.pusher
-				.get_actions(user, &rules_for_user, &power_levels, &sync_pdu, &pdu.room_id)
+				.get_actions(user, &rules_for_user, &power_levels, &serialized, &pdu.room_id)
 				.await
 			{
 				match action {
@@ -768,7 +767,7 @@ impl Service {
 
 		let auth_fetch = |k: &StateEventType, s: &str| {
 			let key = (k.clone(), s.into());
-			ready(auth_events.get(&key))
+			ready(auth_events.get(&key).map(ToOwned::to_owned))
 		};
 
 		let auth_check = state_res::auth_check(

src/service/sending/sender.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD};
-use conduwuit::{
+use conduwuit_core::{
-	Error, Result, debug, err, error,
+	Error, Event, Result, debug, err, error,
 	result::LogErr,
 	trace,
 	utils::{
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ impl Service {
 			match event {
 				| SendingEvent::Pdu(pdu_id) => {
 					if let Ok(pdu) = self.services.timeline.get_pdu_from_id(pdu_id).await {
-						pdu_jsons.push(pdu.into_room_event());
+						pdu_jsons.push(pdu.to_format());
 					}
 				},
 				| SendingEvent::Edu(edu) =>